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Shoulder and Elbow

Shoulder & Elbow Conditions

The shoulder and elbow are complex joints that play an essential role in everyday activities, work, exercise, and sports. Their mobility and function depend on multiple interconnected structures, so a wide range of conditions and injuries can affect them.

Shoulder and elbow conditions may develop gradually due to overuse, repetitive motion, or age-related changes or occur suddenly following trauma. Common symptoms include pain, stiffness, weakness, swelling, instability, and limited range of motion.

These problems may involve bones, cartilage, muscles, tendons, ligaments, nerves, or the joint capsule. Because different conditions can cause similar pain, weakness, stiffness, or loss of motion, an evaluation is important for identifying the structures involved.

At Premier Orthopaedics, we evaluate shoulder and elbow conditions and develop an individualized treatment plan based on the diagnosis, symptoms, activity limitations, and personal goals. We care for patients dealing with sports injuries, chronic pain, overuse, trauma, and other orthopaedic conditions.

  • Adhesive Capsulitis
    Adhesive capsulitis, also known as frozen shoulder, causes pain and significant stiffness in the shoulder. It can progressively limit range of motion and make everyday activities such as reaching, dressing, and lifting difficult.

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  • Rotator Cuff Tear Arthropathy
    Rotator cuff tear arthropathy occurs when a longstanding rotator cuff tear contributes to damage and arthritis within the shoulder joint. It can cause pain, weakness, stiffness, and difficulty raising or moving the arm.

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  • Rotator Cuff Tear
    A rotator cuff tear occurs when one or more tendons supporting the shoulder are damaged or torn. It can cause shoulder pain, weakness, and difficulty with lifting, reaching, or other overhead activities.

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  • Scapular Dyskinesis
    Scapular dyskinesis occurs when the shoulder blade does not move normally during shoulder movement. It can contribute to pain, weakness, limited motion, and difficulty with activities involving the shoulder or arm.

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  • Shoulder and Clavicle Fractures
    Shoulder and clavicle fractures are breaks in the bones that make up or support the shoulder. They commonly result from falls, sports injuries, or other trauma and may cause pain, swelling, bruising, and limited movement.

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  • Shoulder Arthritis
    Shoulder arthritis occurs when cartilage within the shoulder joint wears down, causing pain, stiffness, and reduced range of motion. Symptoms may make everyday activities such as reaching, lifting, and dressing more difficult.

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  • Shoulder Bursitis
    Shoulder bursitis occurs when the small fluid-filled sac that cushions the shoulder becomes irritated or inflamed. It can cause pain, tenderness, and discomfort that worsens with lifting or overhead movements.

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  • Shoulder Dislocation
    A shoulder dislocation occurs when the upper arm bone moves out of its normal position within the shoulder socket. It can cause significant pain, swelling, instability, and difficulty moving the arm.

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  • Shoulder Impingement Syndrome
    Shoulder impingement syndrome occurs when tissues within the shoulder become compressed during movement. It can cause pain, particularly with overhead activities, along with weakness and limited shoulder motion.

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  • Elbow Throwing Injuries
    Throwing injuries affect the elbow, shoulder, and surrounding structures due to repetitive overhead motion. They are common among athletes and can cause pain, inflammation, instability, and reduced performance, particularly in baseball and other throwing sports.

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  • Shoulder Instability
    Shoulder instability occurs when the structures supporting the shoulder joint do not adequately keep it in place. It may cause pain, weakness, a feeling of looseness, or repeated episodes of the shoulder slipping out of position.

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  • Shoulder Labral Tear
    A shoulder labral tear is an injury to the ring of cartilage that helps stabilize the shoulder joint. It can cause pain, clicking, catching, weakness, or a feeling of instability during movement.

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  • Shoulder Ligament Injuries
    Shoulder ligament injuries can occur when the strong tissues connecting the shoulder bones are stretched or torn. They may result from falls, sports injuries, or other trauma and can cause pain and instability.

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  • Shoulder Tendonitis
    Shoulder tendonitis occurs when tendons around the shoulder become irritated or inflamed, often from repetitive use. It can cause pain, tenderness, and discomfort with lifting, reaching, or overhead activities.

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  • Tennis Elbow
    Tennis elbow, or lateral epicondylitis, causes pain and tenderness on the outside of the elbow due to irritation or degeneration of the forearm tendons. Repetitive gripping, lifting, and wrist movements commonly contribute to the condition.

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  • Pronator Syndrome
    Pronator syndrome occurs when the median nerve becomes compressed in the forearm near the elbow. Symptoms can include aching forearm pain, numbness, tingling, and weakness affecting the hand and fingers.

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  • Olecranon Bursitis
    Olecranon bursitis occurs when the bursa covering the bony tip of the elbow becomes inflamed. It can cause visible swelling, tenderness, redness, and discomfort and may result from repetitive pressure, trauma, or infection.

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  • Loose Bodies in the Elbow
    Loose bodies are small fragments of bone, cartilage, or other tissue that move within the elbow joint. They can cause pain, swelling, catching, locking, and limited motion, sometimes developing after injury, arthritis, or repetitive stress.

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  • Little League Elbow
    Little League elbow is an overuse injury affecting the growth plate on the inside of a young athlete’s elbow. It commonly develops from repetitive throwing and can cause pain, tenderness, swelling, and reduced throwing performance.

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  • Gouty Elbow Arthritis
    Gouty elbow arthritis occurs when uric acid crystals build up within the elbow joint, causing sudden inflammation, pain, swelling, and tenderness. Treatment focuses on controlling inflammation, managing uric acid levels, and preventing future gout attacks.

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  • Golfer Elbow
    Golfer’s elbow, or medial epicondylitis, causes pain and tenderness on the inside of the elbow due to irritation or degeneration of the tendons that attach to the forearm. Repetitive gripping and wrist movements commonly contribute to the condition.

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  • Elbow Plica Syndrome
    Elbow plica syndrome occurs when a fold of joint tissue becomes irritated or inflamed, often from repetitive motion or injury. Symptoms may include pain, clicking, snapping, stiffness, and tenderness around the elbow.

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  • Elbow Ligament Injuries
    Elbow ligament injuries occur when the strong bands of tissue supporting the elbow are stretched, partially torn, or completely ruptured. These injuries can cause pain, instability, swelling, and reduced function, particularly during sports or repetitive activities.

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  • Elbow Fractures
    Elbow fractures are breaks in one or more of the bones that form the elbow joint. They can result from falls, sports injuries, or direct trauma and may cause significant pain, swelling, bruising, and difficulty moving the arm.

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  • Elbow Bursitis
    Elbow bursitis occurs when the small fluid-filled sac over the elbow becomes inflamed. It can cause swelling, tenderness, redness, and discomfort, often following repetitive pressure, trauma, infection, or other irritation around the elbow joint.

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  • Elbow Bone Spurs
    Elbow bone spurs are abnormal bony growths that can develop along the joint due to arthritis, repetitive stress, or injury. They may cause pain, stiffness, swelling, limited motion, or catching and locking of the elbow.

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  • Elbow Arthritis
    Elbow arthritis develops when the cartilage within the elbow joint wears down, causing pain, stiffness, swelling, and reduced range of motion. Treatment depends on the severity of arthritis and may include nonsurgical care or surgical intervention.

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  • Cubital Tunnel Syndrome
    Cubital tunnel syndrome occurs when the ulnar nerve becomes compressed or irritated at the elbow. It can cause numbness, tingling, weakness, and pain in the elbow, forearm, and hand, particularly affecting the ring and small fingers.

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  • Coronoid Fracture
    A coronoid fracture is a break in the bony prominence of the elbow that helps stabilize the joint. These fractures often occur from falls, sports injuries, or dislocations and may require specialized orthopedic treatment to restore elbow stability and function.

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Find an Office Near You With convenient locations throughout the region, expert orthopaedic care is always within reach. Find a nearby office offering comprehensive services, flexible scheduling, and compassionate care—making it easier to get the treatment you need, when and where it works best for you.

Shoulder & Elbow Symptoms, Treatments & Risks

The shoulder and elbow support lifting, reaching, gripping, throwing, and many other daily movements. Overuse, acute sports injuries, falls, degenerative changes, and nerve compression can affect either joint, with symptoms ranging from localized pain to weakness, stiffness, instability, or numbness.

Symptoms That May Need Evaluation

Persistent symptoms, reduced function, or pain following an injury are reasons to seek an evaluation. An evaluation can help distinguish among joint, tendon, ligament, muscle, bone, and nerve conditions that may produce similar symptoms.

Contact a healthcare professional if you experience:

  • Persistent pain or difficulty when lifting or reaching overhead 
  • Limited range of motion, stiffness, or persistent swelling in the joint 
  • Weakness in the arm, shoulder, elbow, wrist, or hand affecting daily activities 
  • Catching sensations or aching that disrupts sleep 
  • Pain radiating down the arm, tingling, or numbness 
  • Difficulty gripping, turning the forearm, or bending or straightening the elbow
  • Visible deformities or acute pain following a trauma, fall, or sports injury 

Severe pain after trauma, visible deformity, an inability to move the joint, or new numbness or weakness may require urgent medical attention. Call emergency services for chest pressure, shortness of breath, sweating, dizziness, or shoulder or arm pain that appears to originate in the chest.

Shoulder & Elbow Treatment Categories

Treatment depends on the diagnosis, symptom severity, functional limitations, overall health, and response to prior care. We develop individualized plans that may combine symptom management, rehabilitation, follow-up evaluation, or surgery when clinically appropriate.

Care may include:

  • Activity modification and anti-inflammatory medication when appropriate
  • Corticosteroid injections for selected conditions
  • Physical therapy and rehabilitation focused on motion, strength, coordination, and return to activity
  • Treatment for bursitis, arthritis, rotator cuff tears, elbow tendinitis, and nerve compression
  • Trauma evaluation for fractures, dislocations, and ligament injuries
  • Shoulder or elbow arthroscopy, soft-tissue repair, nerve decompression, or joint replacement when indicated

Risk Factors & Injury Considerations

Risk factors don’t establish a diagnosis, but they can help guide the clinical history and examination. The activities involved, onset of symptoms, prior injuries, and changes in strength or motion all provide useful context.

Relevant considerations may include:

  • Repetitive overhead activity associated with bursitis, shoulder impingement, or rotator cuff problems
  • Repeated gripping, wrist movement, or forearm use associated with tennis elbow or golfer’s elbow
  • Falls, collisions, direct blows, or sports injuries that may cause fractures, dislocations, labral tears, or ligament damage
  • Prior shoulder or elbow instability that may increase the likelihood of recurring symptoms
  • Age-related joint and tendon changes that may contribute to arthritis or degenerative tears
  • Prolonged pressure on the elbow or repeated elbow bending that may aggravate ulnar nerve symptoms
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